Soil Preference and Burrow Characteristics of Two Theraphosidae Species in Penang Island, Malaysia

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  Soil Preference and Burrow Characteristics of Two Theraphosidae Species in Penang Island, Malaysia Abstract Tarantulas play a crucial role in maintaining ecological balance by regulating insect populations. However, little is known about the soil preferences and burrow structures of tarantulas in Malaysia. This study aims to determine the soil preference as well as the burrow structure of  Coremiocnemis cunciularia  and  Chilobrachys andersoni  from Penang Island. The soil characteristics of the soil samples collected around the burrows of  Coremiocnemis cunciularia  (n = 30) and  Chilobrachys andersoni  (n = 30) were determined using soil texture analysis. The measurements and burrow structures from adults and juveniles of  Coremiocnemis cunciularia  and  Chilobrachys andersoni  were determined. It was revealed that the moisture content and clay percentage in the soil samples around burrows of  Chilobrachys anderso...

Beyond Snakes: Exploring Zootoxins in Invertebrates and Lower Vertebrates

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Beyond Snakes: Exploring Zootoxins in Invertebrates and Lower Vertebrates

Abstract

This review explores the diversity, biochemical mechanisms, and toxicological effects of venoms and toxins secreted by lower vertebrates and invertebrates, emphasizing their ecological roles and potential therapeutic applications. While snake venoms dominate toxicology research, ancient Ayurvedic texts have documented the medicinal uses of toxins from other animals in formulations like Agadas. This study examines the relevance of Jangam Visha (animate poison) in modern toxicology, highlighting envenomation cases in rural communities, where traditional household remedies often precede hospital visits. The review discusses neurotoxins like batrachotoxin, hemolytic toxins such as tetralysin, and insect-derived compounds like cantharidin and mastoparan. Additionally, species such as blister beetles (Mylabris spp.), scorpions (Hottentotta spp.), and wasps (Vespula spp.) are explored for their toxic components and therapeutic potential. The study also addresses ongoing challenges in toxin detection, neutralization, and antidote development. By bridging historical wisdom with contemporary scientific advancements, this review offers valuable insights for forensic, ecological, and biomedical research.

V, Likitha., Arpitha Rajesh, Aahuti Ameta, and Shristi Aich. 2025. “Beyond Snakes: Exploring Zootoxins in Invertebrates and Lower Vertebrates”. UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 46 (8):152-66. https://doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2025/v46i84902.