Structural complexity and prey availability shape spider communities under retention forestry

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 Abstract Retention forestry is promoted as a conservation-oriented management strategy to sustain forest biodiversity by preserving key structural elements, such as single old trees and deadwood. However, the effectiveness of this approach in conserving the diversity of spiders as generalist predators remains unclear, particularly because the effect of structural elements under retention forestry on spiders may be mediated by its effect on prey availability. We sampled spiders (Araneae) and potential prey (Diptera, Hemiptera, Collembola) in 55 1-hectare plots across mixed temperate forests of the Black Forest, Germany. We used pitfall traps targeting species active on the forest floor. We studied spider abundance, taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity (combined measure of functional and phylogenetic distance) and community composition along gradients of forest structure (canopy cover, proportion of conifers, stand structural complexity, volume of lying deadwood, herb cover and...

Beyond Snakes: Exploring Zootoxins in Invertebrates and Lower Vertebrates

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Beyond Snakes: Exploring Zootoxins in Invertebrates and Lower Vertebrates

Abstract

This review explores the diversity, biochemical mechanisms, and toxicological effects of venoms and toxins secreted by lower vertebrates and invertebrates, emphasizing their ecological roles and potential therapeutic applications. While snake venoms dominate toxicology research, ancient Ayurvedic texts have documented the medicinal uses of toxins from other animals in formulations like Agadas. This study examines the relevance of Jangam Visha (animate poison) in modern toxicology, highlighting envenomation cases in rural communities, where traditional household remedies often precede hospital visits. The review discusses neurotoxins like batrachotoxin, hemolytic toxins such as tetralysin, and insect-derived compounds like cantharidin and mastoparan. Additionally, species such as blister beetles (Mylabris spp.), scorpions (Hottentotta spp.), and wasps (Vespula spp.) are explored for their toxic components and therapeutic potential. The study also addresses ongoing challenges in toxin detection, neutralization, and antidote development. By bridging historical wisdom with contemporary scientific advancements, this review offers valuable insights for forensic, ecological, and biomedical research.

V, Likitha., Arpitha Rajesh, Aahuti Ameta, and Shristi Aich. 2025. “Beyond Snakes: Exploring Zootoxins in Invertebrates and Lower Vertebrates”. UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 46 (8):152-66. https://doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2025/v46i84902.